Cuidados al final de la vida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: revisión de alcance
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ene 19, 2023
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Introducciòn: Los cuidados al final de la vida en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) están orientados a ofrecer atención a la persona que está cerca del final su vida, y cuyo objetivo es aliviar el sufrimiento y atender sus necesidades mentales, emocionales y espirituales. Objetivo: identificar los cuidados al final de la vida del paciente adulto en las UCI. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de literatura tipo scoping review siguiendo el protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), y se hizo la búsqueda de artículos en revistas indexadas en 16 bases de datos durante el periodo 2001-2022, los cuales fueron publicados en español, inglés y portugués. La extracción y la selección de datos se llevaron a cabo mediante la herramienta web Rayyan.ai. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 35 artículos. Resultados: el idioma predominante de los artículos seleccionados fue el inglés (82 %), y el país de mayor procedencia fue Estados Unidos (31 %). Los resultados se presentaron en tres temáticas: a) cuidados al paciente, b) cuidados a la familia, y c) percepciones del personal de salud. Conclusiones: se encontró que los cuidados al final de la vida que más se reportan son el uso de fármacos como morfina, midazolam y lorazepam, así como la comunicación temprana entre el personal de salud, el paciente y su familia. Dentro de los cuidados, la enfermería tiene un rol muy importante, pues esta brinda la atención de manera holística, al ser orientadora y educadora y al dar acompañamiento integral a la familia durante y después del proceso del final de vida.
Keywords
intensive care units, end of life care, adult, patient, critical illnessunidades de terapia intensiva, cuidados de fim de vida, adulto, paciente, estado críticounidades de cuidado intensivo, cuidado en el final de la vida, adulto, paciente, enfermedad crítica
References
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2. Verlarde J, González S, Meneses A, Tovar A, Cardenete C, Palacios D. La limitación terapéutica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Revista ROL de Enfermería. 2016; 39(5): p. 332-336.
3. Marín Ojea JI. La Vida al final de la vida: un reto social pendiente. 2009; Hospitalarias Humanización y Bioética. Agosto-Septiembre/09 https://www.hospitalarias.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/La_vida_al_final_de_la_vida._Un_reto_social_pendiente_xHospitalarias_287x.pdf
4. Razmaria A. End-of-Life Care. JAMA. 2016;316(1):115. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2532015
5. Hebert K, Moore H, Rooney J. The Nurse Advocate in End-of-Life Care. The Ochsner journal, 2011;11(4): 325–329. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241064/
6. González-Rincón M, Díaz de Herrera-Marchal P, Martínez-Martín ML. The role of the nurse at the end of the life of a critically ill patient. Enfermeria intensiva, 2019; 30(2): 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2018.02.001
7. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, Hempel S, Akl EA, Chang C, McGowan J, Stewart L, Hartling L, Aldcroft A, Wilson MG, Garritty C, Lewin S, Godfrey CM, Macdonald MT, Langlois EV, Soares-Weiser K, Moriarty J, Clifford T, Tunçalp Ö, Straus SE. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 2;169(7):467-473.DOI:10.7326/M18-0850: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-0850
8. Open Science Framework. Cuidados al final de la vida en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto: una revisión de alcance. 2022. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Y8K59
9. Nelson JE, Danis M. End-of-life care in the intensive care unit: where are we now?.; Critical care medicine, 2001;29(2 Suppl), N2–N9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200102001-00002
10. Almansour IM, Ahmad MM, Alnaeem MM. Characteristics, Mortality Rates, and Treatments Received in Last Few Days of Life for Patients Dying in Intensive Care Units: A Multicenter Study. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 2020;37(10):761–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909120902976
11. Lo ML, Huang CC, Hu TH, Chou WC, Chuang LP, Chiang MC, Wen FH, Tang ST. Quality Assessments of End-of-Life Care by Medical Record Review for Patients Dying in Intensive Care Units in Taiwan. Journal of pain and symptom management,2020; 60(6):1092–1099.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.002
12. Rao SR, Salins N, Joshi U, Patel J, Remawi BN, Simha S, Preston N, Walshe C. Palliative and end-of-life care in intensive care units in low- and middle-income countries: A systematically constructed scoping review.Journal of critical care, 2022;71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154115
13. Laserna A, Durán-Crane A, López-Olivo MA, Cuenca JA, Fowler C, Díaz DP, Cardenas YR, Urso C, O'Connell K, Fowler C, Price KJ, Sprung CL, Nates JL. Pain management during the withholding and withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients at the end-of-life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive care medicine, 2020; 46(9): 1671–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06139-7
14. Sprung CL, Cohen SL, Sjokvist P, Baras M, Bulow HH, Hovilehto S, Ledoux D, Lippert A, Maia P, Phelan D, Schobersberger W, Wennberg E, Woodcock T, Ethicus Study Group. End-of-life practices in European intensive care units: the Ethicus Study. JAMA, 2003; 290(6): 790–797. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.6.790
15. Rocker GM, Cook DJ, Shemie SD. Brief review: Practice variation in end of life care in the ICU: implications for patients with severe brain injury. Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 2006; 53(8): 814–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022799
16. Rocker GM, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Dodek PM, Kutsogiannis DJ, O'Callaghan CJ. Most critically ill patients are perceived to die in comfort during withdrawal of life support: a Canadian multicentre study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 2004; 51(6): 623–630.: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018407
17. Fridh I, Forsberg A, Bergbom I. Family presence and environmental factors at the time of a patient's death in an ICU. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2007; 51(4): 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01250.x
18. Altuna-Peñacoba M. Limitación del Esfuerzo Terapéutico (LET) en UCI en pacientes COVID-19. 2021; Trabajo de Fin de Grado. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Disponible en: https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/698139/altuna_penacoba_mariatfg.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
19. Kruser JM, Aaby DA, Stevenson DG, et al. Assessment of Variability in End-of-Life Care Delivery in Intensive Care Units in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917344.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2757377
20. Griffin, JP, Nelson JE, Koch KA, Niell HB, Ackerman TF, Thompson M, Cole FH Jr, American College of Chest Physicians. End-of-life care in patients with lung cancer. Chest, 2003;123(1 Suppl), 312S–331S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.312s
21. Alyami HM, Chan RJ, New K. End-of-life care preferences for people with advanced cancer and their families in intensive care units: a systematic review. Supportive care in cancer: official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2019;27(9);3233–3244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04844-8
22. Matos Gouveia TB, Barbosa Aleluia IM. Cuidado multiprofissional para o paciente terminal na uti: uma revisão sistemática. International Journal of Health Education 2017;1(1):31 DOI:10.17267/2594-7907ijhe.v1i1.1519
23. Tabibian BE, Salehani AA, Kuhn EN, Davis MC, Shank CD, Fisher WS. Transitioning the Treatment Paradigm: How Early Palliative Care Service Involvement Affects the End-of-Life Course for Critically Ill Patients in the Neuro-Intensive Care Unit. Journal of palliative medicine, 2019; 22(5): 489–492. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2018.0428
24. Reeve BK, Dennis BB, Dechert W, Longo B, Heels-Ansdell D, Scholes A, Clarke FJ, Arthur JR, Cook DJ. Community implementation of the 3 Wishes Project: an observational study of a compassionate end-of-life care initiative for critically ill patients. CMAJ open, 2021;9(3): E757–E764. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200273
25. Sukraandini NK. Hindu Nurses’ Lived Experiences of Caring for Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Unit in Indonesia. 2016; Prince of Songkla University. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science. https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2016/11201/1/412368.pdf
26. Robichaux CM, Clark AP. Practice of expert critical care nurses in situations of prognostic conflict at the end of life. American journal of critical care: an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2006;15(5):480–490. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16926369/
27. Cilla-Intxaurraga A, Martinez-Martín M. Competencia de la enfermera en el proceso de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Med. Paliat. 2018; 25(3):195-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.medipa.2016.10.003
28. Boyle DK, Miller PA, Forbes-Thompson SA. Communication and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: patient, family, and clinician outcomes. Critical care nursing quarterly, 2005:28(4); 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002727-200510000-00002
29. Coventry A. An exploration of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: A systematic review of qualitative studies investigating the experiences and perceptions of the patient's family. 2017. DOI:10.4226/66/5A9DBC0F33627
30. Baggs JG, Norton SA, Schmitt MH, Sellers CR. The dying patient in the ICU: role of the interdisciplinary team. Critical care clinics, 2004; 20(3): 525–xi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2004.03.008
31. Noome M, Dijkstra BM, van Leeuwen E, Vloet LC. Exploring family experiences of nursing aspects of end-of-life care in the ICU: A qualitative study. Intensive & critical care nursing, 2016;33: 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2015.12.004
32. Johnson JR, Engelberg RA, Nielsen EL, Kross EK, Smith NL, Hanada JC, Doll O'Mahoney SK, Curtis JR. The association of spiritual care providers' activities with family members' satisfaction with care after a death in the ICU. Critical care medicine, 2014;42(9);1991–2000. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000412
33. Kirchhoff KT, Faas AI. Family support at end of life. AACN advanced critical care, 2007;18(4);426–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AACN.0000298635.45653.c8
34. Noome M, Dijkstra BM, van Leeuwen E, Vloet LC. The Perspectives of Intensive Care Unit Nurses About the Current and Ideal Nursing End-of-Life Care. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing:2016;18 (3):212-218. DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000221
35. Velarde García J, Pulido-Mendoza R, Moro-Tejedor M, Cachón-Pérez J, Palacios-Ceña D. Nursing and End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing. 2016;18;115-123. DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000217
36. Riegel M, Randall S, Ranse K, Buckley T. Healthcare professionals’ values about and experience with facilitating end-of-life care in the adult intensive care unit; Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 2021; 65,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103057 .
37. Fernandes M, Komessu JH. Desafios do enfermeiro diante da dor e do sofrimento da família de pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas [Nurses' challenges in view of the pain and suffering of families of terminal patients]. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem 2013; 47(1); 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342013000100032
38. Hernández Zambrano SM, Carrillo Algarra AJ, Estupiñan Avellaneda YJ, González Rodríguez AC, Martínez Herrera E, Enciso Olivera CO, Gómez Duque M. Privilegiar la dignidad durante la muerte en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Perspectivas del personal de salud. Revista Repertorio De Medicina Y Cirugía, 2020;29(2):111–121. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.01217273.934
39. Beckstrand RL, Lamoreaux N, Luthy KE, Macintosh JL. Critical Care Nurses' Perceptions of End-of-Life Care Obstacles: Comparative 17-Year Data. Dimensions of critical care nursing: DCCN, 2017; 36(2): 94–105 https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000234
40. Abu Sharour L, Subih M, Salameh O, Alrshoud M. End-of-life care (EOLC) in Jordanian critical care units: Barriers and strategies for improving.; Crit Care Shock (2019); 22:88-97.
41. Tillquist M. Caring for the Critically Ill at the End-of-Life : Nurses’ Experiences of Palliative Care in Brazilian ICUs – a Minor Field Study. 2015; Dissertation, University of Borås, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare
2. Verlarde J, González S, Meneses A, Tovar A, Cardenete C, Palacios D. La limitación terapéutica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Revista ROL de Enfermería. 2016; 39(5): p. 332-336.
3. Marín Ojea JI. La Vida al final de la vida: un reto social pendiente. 2009; Hospitalarias Humanización y Bioética. Agosto-Septiembre/09 https://www.hospitalarias.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/La_vida_al_final_de_la_vida._Un_reto_social_pendiente_xHospitalarias_287x.pdf
4. Razmaria A. End-of-Life Care. JAMA. 2016;316(1):115. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2532015
5. Hebert K, Moore H, Rooney J. The Nurse Advocate in End-of-Life Care. The Ochsner journal, 2011;11(4): 325–329. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241064/
6. González-Rincón M, Díaz de Herrera-Marchal P, Martínez-Martín ML. The role of the nurse at the end of the life of a critically ill patient. Enfermeria intensiva, 2019; 30(2): 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2018.02.001
7. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, Hempel S, Akl EA, Chang C, McGowan J, Stewart L, Hartling L, Aldcroft A, Wilson MG, Garritty C, Lewin S, Godfrey CM, Macdonald MT, Langlois EV, Soares-Weiser K, Moriarty J, Clifford T, Tunçalp Ö, Straus SE. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 2;169(7):467-473.DOI:10.7326/M18-0850: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-0850
8. Open Science Framework. Cuidados al final de la vida en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto: una revisión de alcance. 2022. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Y8K59
9. Nelson JE, Danis M. End-of-life care in the intensive care unit: where are we now?.; Critical care medicine, 2001;29(2 Suppl), N2–N9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200102001-00002
10. Almansour IM, Ahmad MM, Alnaeem MM. Characteristics, Mortality Rates, and Treatments Received in Last Few Days of Life for Patients Dying in Intensive Care Units: A Multicenter Study. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 2020;37(10):761–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909120902976
11. Lo ML, Huang CC, Hu TH, Chou WC, Chuang LP, Chiang MC, Wen FH, Tang ST. Quality Assessments of End-of-Life Care by Medical Record Review for Patients Dying in Intensive Care Units in Taiwan. Journal of pain and symptom management,2020; 60(6):1092–1099.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.002
12. Rao SR, Salins N, Joshi U, Patel J, Remawi BN, Simha S, Preston N, Walshe C. Palliative and end-of-life care in intensive care units in low- and middle-income countries: A systematically constructed scoping review.Journal of critical care, 2022;71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154115
13. Laserna A, Durán-Crane A, López-Olivo MA, Cuenca JA, Fowler C, Díaz DP, Cardenas YR, Urso C, O'Connell K, Fowler C, Price KJ, Sprung CL, Nates JL. Pain management during the withholding and withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients at the end-of-life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive care medicine, 2020; 46(9): 1671–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06139-7
14. Sprung CL, Cohen SL, Sjokvist P, Baras M, Bulow HH, Hovilehto S, Ledoux D, Lippert A, Maia P, Phelan D, Schobersberger W, Wennberg E, Woodcock T, Ethicus Study Group. End-of-life practices in European intensive care units: the Ethicus Study. JAMA, 2003; 290(6): 790–797. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.6.790
15. Rocker GM, Cook DJ, Shemie SD. Brief review: Practice variation in end of life care in the ICU: implications for patients with severe brain injury. Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 2006; 53(8): 814–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022799
16. Rocker GM, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Dodek PM, Kutsogiannis DJ, O'Callaghan CJ. Most critically ill patients are perceived to die in comfort during withdrawal of life support: a Canadian multicentre study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia. 2004; 51(6): 623–630.: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018407
17. Fridh I, Forsberg A, Bergbom I. Family presence and environmental factors at the time of a patient's death in an ICU. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2007; 51(4): 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01250.x
18. Altuna-Peñacoba M. Limitación del Esfuerzo Terapéutico (LET) en UCI en pacientes COVID-19. 2021; Trabajo de Fin de Grado. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Disponible en: https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/698139/altuna_penacoba_mariatfg.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
19. Kruser JM, Aaby DA, Stevenson DG, et al. Assessment of Variability in End-of-Life Care Delivery in Intensive Care Units in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917344.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2757377
20. Griffin, JP, Nelson JE, Koch KA, Niell HB, Ackerman TF, Thompson M, Cole FH Jr, American College of Chest Physicians. End-of-life care in patients with lung cancer. Chest, 2003;123(1 Suppl), 312S–331S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.312s
21. Alyami HM, Chan RJ, New K. End-of-life care preferences for people with advanced cancer and their families in intensive care units: a systematic review. Supportive care in cancer: official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2019;27(9);3233–3244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04844-8
22. Matos Gouveia TB, Barbosa Aleluia IM. Cuidado multiprofissional para o paciente terminal na uti: uma revisão sistemática. International Journal of Health Education 2017;1(1):31 DOI:10.17267/2594-7907ijhe.v1i1.1519
23. Tabibian BE, Salehani AA, Kuhn EN, Davis MC, Shank CD, Fisher WS. Transitioning the Treatment Paradigm: How Early Palliative Care Service Involvement Affects the End-of-Life Course for Critically Ill Patients in the Neuro-Intensive Care Unit. Journal of palliative medicine, 2019; 22(5): 489–492. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2018.0428
24. Reeve BK, Dennis BB, Dechert W, Longo B, Heels-Ansdell D, Scholes A, Clarke FJ, Arthur JR, Cook DJ. Community implementation of the 3 Wishes Project: an observational study of a compassionate end-of-life care initiative for critically ill patients. CMAJ open, 2021;9(3): E757–E764. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200273
25. Sukraandini NK. Hindu Nurses’ Lived Experiences of Caring for Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Unit in Indonesia. 2016; Prince of Songkla University. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science. https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2016/11201/1/412368.pdf
26. Robichaux CM, Clark AP. Practice of expert critical care nurses in situations of prognostic conflict at the end of life. American journal of critical care: an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2006;15(5):480–490. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16926369/
27. Cilla-Intxaurraga A, Martinez-Martín M. Competencia de la enfermera en el proceso de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Med. Paliat. 2018; 25(3):195-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.medipa.2016.10.003
28. Boyle DK, Miller PA, Forbes-Thompson SA. Communication and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: patient, family, and clinician outcomes. Critical care nursing quarterly, 2005:28(4); 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002727-200510000-00002
29. Coventry A. An exploration of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: A systematic review of qualitative studies investigating the experiences and perceptions of the patient's family. 2017. DOI:10.4226/66/5A9DBC0F33627
30. Baggs JG, Norton SA, Schmitt MH, Sellers CR. The dying patient in the ICU: role of the interdisciplinary team. Critical care clinics, 2004; 20(3): 525–xi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2004.03.008
31. Noome M, Dijkstra BM, van Leeuwen E, Vloet LC. Exploring family experiences of nursing aspects of end-of-life care in the ICU: A qualitative study. Intensive & critical care nursing, 2016;33: 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2015.12.004
32. Johnson JR, Engelberg RA, Nielsen EL, Kross EK, Smith NL, Hanada JC, Doll O'Mahoney SK, Curtis JR. The association of spiritual care providers' activities with family members' satisfaction with care after a death in the ICU. Critical care medicine, 2014;42(9);1991–2000. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000412
33. Kirchhoff KT, Faas AI. Family support at end of life. AACN advanced critical care, 2007;18(4);426–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AACN.0000298635.45653.c8
34. Noome M, Dijkstra BM, van Leeuwen E, Vloet LC. The Perspectives of Intensive Care Unit Nurses About the Current and Ideal Nursing End-of-Life Care. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing:2016;18 (3):212-218. DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000221
35. Velarde García J, Pulido-Mendoza R, Moro-Tejedor M, Cachón-Pérez J, Palacios-Ceña D. Nursing and End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing. 2016;18;115-123. DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000217
36. Riegel M, Randall S, Ranse K, Buckley T. Healthcare professionals’ values about and experience with facilitating end-of-life care in the adult intensive care unit; Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 2021; 65,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103057 .
37. Fernandes M, Komessu JH. Desafios do enfermeiro diante da dor e do sofrimento da família de pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas [Nurses' challenges in view of the pain and suffering of families of terminal patients]. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem 2013; 47(1); 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342013000100032
38. Hernández Zambrano SM, Carrillo Algarra AJ, Estupiñan Avellaneda YJ, González Rodríguez AC, Martínez Herrera E, Enciso Olivera CO, Gómez Duque M. Privilegiar la dignidad durante la muerte en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Perspectivas del personal de salud. Revista Repertorio De Medicina Y Cirugía, 2020;29(2):111–121. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.01217273.934
39. Beckstrand RL, Lamoreaux N, Luthy KE, Macintosh JL. Critical Care Nurses' Perceptions of End-of-Life Care Obstacles: Comparative 17-Year Data. Dimensions of critical care nursing: DCCN, 2017; 36(2): 94–105 https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000234
40. Abu Sharour L, Subih M, Salameh O, Alrshoud M. End-of-life care (EOLC) in Jordanian critical care units: Barriers and strategies for improving.; Crit Care Shock (2019); 22:88-97.
41. Tillquist M. Caring for the Critically Ill at the End-of-Life : Nurses’ Experiences of Palliative Care in Brazilian ICUs – a Minor Field Study. 2015; Dissertation, University of Borås, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare
Cómo citar
Henao-Castaño, Ángela M., & Alvarado Caro, L. V. (2023). Cuidados al final de la vida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: revisión de alcance. Investigación En Enfermería: Imagen Y Desarrollo, 25. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.ie25.cfvu
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